SPEAKERS

Rodolphe Sepulchre holds the control chair in the department of Engineering at Cambridge, UK. He is a fellow of IFAC (2020), IEEE (2009), and SIAM (2015).  He received the IEEE CSS Antonio Ruberti Young Researcher Prize in 2008 and the IEEE CSS George S. Axelby Outstanding Paper Award in 2020. He was elected at the Royal Academy of Belgium in 2013. He is (co-) author of the monographs Constructive Nonlinear Control (1997, with M. Jankovic and P. Kokotovic) and Optimization on Matrix Manifolds (2008, with P.-A. Absil and R. Mahony). His current research focuses on the control principles of neuronal circuits. It has been supported by two ERC advanced grants (Switchlets (2015) and SpikyControl (2021)).

 

Catherine (Katie) Schuman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Tennessee (UT). She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science from UT in 2015, where she completed her dissertation on the use of evolutionary algorithms to train spiking neural networks for neuromorphic systems. Katie previously served as a research scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where her research focused on algorithms and applications of neuromorphic systems.  Katie co-leads the TENNLab Neuromorphic Computing Research Group at UT.  She has over 70 publications as well as seven patents in the field of neuromorphic computing. She received the Department of Energy Early Career Award in 2019.
 

Gert Cauwenberghs is Professor of Bioengineering and Co-Director of the Institute for Neural Computation at UC San Diego, La Jolla CA.  His research focuses on micropower integrated biomedical circuits, neuron-silicon and brain-machine interfaces, neuromorphic engineering, and adaptive intelligent systems.  He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE).  He served IEEE in a variety of roles including as Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, as General Chair of the IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS 2011, San Diego), as Program Chair of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference (EMBC 2012, San Diego), as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, and on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the IEEE.

Daniel Brunner is a CNRS researcher with the FEMTO-ST, France. His interests include novel computing using quantum or nonlinear substrates with a focuses on photonic neural networks. He was received several University and the IOP’s 2010 Roys prize and the IOP Journal Of Physics:Photonics emerging leader in photonics 2021 prize. He edited one Book and two special issues, has presented his results 45+ times upon invitation and has published 50+ scientific articles.

Serge Massar born in Zambia in 1970 and passed most of his youth in Africa. He graduated in physics from the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1991 with highest honours. He then began research in theoretical physics under the direction of Prof. Robert Brout. He defended his PhD in 1995 with highest honours. From 1995 to 1997 he was a post-doctoral researcher at Tel Aviv University (Israel), and then from 1997 to 1998 at Utrecht University (Netherlands). In 1998 he reintegrated ULB as a Research Associate of the Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS and and then from 2012 as Professor at ULB. Since 2004 he is Director of the Laboratoire d’Information Quantique of the Physics Department at ULB.

During his PhD, Serge Massar studied quantum gravity and in particular black hole evaporation (Hawking radiation). The aim of these works was to understand the gravitational backreaction to the evaporation process. The most important results obtained concerned the role of the transplanckian frequencies needed to explain the origin of the radiation.

Later he started working in the nascent field of quantum information, and this gradually became his main topic of research. Important contributions concern quantum measurement theory, quantum cloning, entanglement, quantum non locality, quantum cryptography. He pioneered the use of non locality to realize “device independent” quantum cryptographic tasks, such as key distribution or random number generation, whose security does not rely on modelling of the internal workings of the devices used. His work in quantum information lead to an important offshoot in theoretical computer science when he solved a 20-year old conjecture on the Travelling Salesman Problem.

In parallel with the above Serge Massar developed an activity in experimental quantum optics and non-linear optics. Recently he has been devoting increasing time to artificial intelligence, machine learning and its relation to complex systems. In this context, he works on the experimental implementation of the concept of “reservoir computing”. Important results are the first realisation of a new architecture based on a single nonlinear node and a delay loop, of opto-electronic and all-optical reservoirs, of a fully analog system.

Amongst other recognitions, he was awarded the Alcatel-Bell prize of the FNRS, the 2010 La Recherche prize for his work on certified quantum random number generation, the best paper award at the highly competitive Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) in 2012 for his work on the Travelling Salesman Problem, and was elected in 2021 member of Royal Belgian Academy of Science.

He has co-authored over 130 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals and over 70 conference proceedings.

Arindam Basu received the B.Tech and M.Tech degrees in Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in 2005, the M.S. degree in Mathematics and PhD. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Dr. Basu received the Prime Minister of India Gold Medal in 2005 from I.I.T Kharagpur. He is currently a Professor in City University of Hong Kong in the Department of Electrical Engineering and was a tenured Associate Professor at Nanyang Technological University before this.

He is currently an Associate Editor of IEEE Sensors journal, Frontiers in Neuroscience and IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems. He has served as IEEE CAS Distinguished Lecturer for 2016-17 period.

Dr. Basu was awarded MIT Technology Review's TR35 Asia Pacific award in 2012, Georgia Tech Alumni Association’s 40 under 40 class of 2021 and several best paper awards at IEEE conferences like ISCAS, BioCAS etc. His research interests include bio-inspired neuromorphic circuits, non-linear dynamics in neural systems, low power analog IC design and programmable circuits and devices.

Timothée Levi received his Ph.D degree in Electronics at University of Bordeaux in 2007. He was post-doc fellow at CEA-LETI in France and JSPS Post-doc fellow at the University of Tokyo, Japan. From October 2009 to today, he is an Associate Professor at IMS lab., Univ. Of Bordeaux, France. During the period of September 2013 to August 2015, he was a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Tokyo, Japan. He received the Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (HDR) in March 2017. From September 2017 to August 2020, he was Project Associate Professor at The University of Tokyo. He is guest editor at Frontiers on Neuroscience, and reviewer of several journals and conferences. He has also authored and co-authored more than 100 peer-review publications (35 journal papers). His research interest deals with biomimetic neuromorphic engineering which aims at designing and using integrated circuits which components and architecture are neuro-mimetic for bio-hybrid experiments.

Yulia Sandamirskaya leads the Applications Research team of the Neuromorphic Computing Lab at Intel. Her team develops spiking neuronal network based algorithms for neuromorphic hardware to demonstrate the potential of neuromorphic computing in real-world applications. Before joining Intel, Yulia led a group “Neuromorphic Cognitive Robots” in the Institute of Neuroinformatics at the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich. She was chairing EUCog—the European Society for Artificial Cognitive Systems and coordinated an EU project NEUROTECH, creating and supporting the neuromorphic computing technology community in Europe.

 

 

Terrence C. Stewart is a Research Officer at the National Research
Council Canada, as part of the University of Waterloo Collaboration
Centre.  His research is on developing computational models of
biological cognition, identifying the underlying algorithms, and
evaluating whether those algorithms may have commercial application
given modern energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware.  He is also one
of the developers of Nengo, a high-level design tool for developing
large-scale computational neuroscience models, and running them
efficiently on various hardware systems.

Marcel Stimberg is a research engineer at the Institut de la Vision (Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS) in Paris. He studied computer science at the TU Berlin and the University of Sussex, receiving his Master's degree from the TU Berlin in 2005, followed by a PhD in computational neuroscience in 2011. His interests and activities are in models of neural computation, simulation technology, and improving the practices in research software development.

He has been leading the development of the Brian simulator since 2014, and is involved in a number of other open source research software projects and initiatives promoting good software development practices in research.

 

Hans Ekkehard Plesser is a physicist by training (Dipl-Phys RWTH Aachen 1995, Dr rer nat U Göttingen 1999) with a focus on scientific computing throughout his career. He joined the Norwegian University of Life Sciences first as a Marie-Curie-Fellow in 2000 currently leads the Department of Data Science at NMBU as a professor in informatics. He has been a visiting researcher at NYU and OSU (2002), the RIKEN Brain Science Institute (2008-2011), and Research Centre Jülich (since 2013). Hans Ekkehard has been a core developer of the NEST Simulator for large-scale neuronal networks since 2001 and president of the NEST Initiative since 2014 and served as chairman of the board of the Norwegian Research School for Neuroscience from 2013 to 2020. He has been involved in the Human Brain Project from its beginning and currently leads the EBRAINS High-Level Support Team.

 

Christian Mayr received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.Sc.) in Electrical Engineering in 2003, his PhD in 2008 and Habilitation (University teaching qualification) in 2012, all three from Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. From 2003 to 2013, he has been with the Chair of Highly-Parallel VLSI-Systems and Neuromorphic Circuits at Technische Universität Dresden, with a secondment to Infineon AG Munich (2004-2006). From 2013 to 2015, he was working as researcher at Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Since 2015 he holds the Chair of Highly-Parallel VLSI-Systems and Neuromorphic Circuits.

 

His research interests include bio-inspired circuits, biologically-inspired Artificial Intelligence, Brain-Machine-Interfaces, AD converters, pixel sensors and general mixed-signal VLSI-design. His scientific credits include the world-first neuromorphic system-on-chip (SoC) in 28 nm CMOS, several novel mixed-signal ICs aimed at the interface between nerve cell tissue and electronics, as well as foundational work on the modelling and circuit implementation of synaptic plasticity (i.e. learning). He is author or co-author of over 70 publications and holds 3 patents. His work has received the Heinrich Barkhausen Price (2008) by the Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation and the Meyer Struckmann Science Price (2013) by the Meyer Struckmann Foundation.

 

Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical & electronic engineering majoring in neuromorphic engineering from The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, earning the Doctoral Research Medal, as well as the Adelaide University Alumni Medal. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, where he researches low-power and high-performance neuromorphic accelerators for neural-inspired and deep learning networks for a variety of applications including automation, precision agriculture, aquaculture, marine sciences, and medical imaging. His research has attracted near $1 Million in funding from national and international resources. 

 

Dr. Azghadi was the recipient of several national and international accolades including a 2015 South Australia Science Excellence award, a 2016 Endeavour Research Fellowship, a 2017 Queensland Young Tall Poppy Science Award, a 2018 JCU Rising Star ECR Leader Fellowship, a 2019 Fresh Science Queensland finalist, and a 2020 JCU Award for Excellence in Innovation and Change. He is a TC member of Neural Systems and Applications of the circuit and system society. He is an Associate Editor for Frontiers in Neuromorphic Engineering and IEEE Access.

 

Alice Mizrahi is a researcher at Thales, within the Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales. Her work interests include neuromorphic computing with nano-scale dynamical systems, and in particular spintronics devices. She completed her PhD at the Université Paris Saclay and a postdoc at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA) before joining Thales in 2018.

Stefan Slesazeck received the Ph.D. degree in microelectronics from the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, in 2004. As a Device Engineer he started his carrier at Infineon and later Qimonda Dresden with a focus on the pre-development of 3D DRAM access devices and concept evaluation for 1T-DRAM. In 2009, Stefan joined NaMLab gGmbH and holds a position as Senior Scientist. His research interests focus on development, electrical characterization, and modeling of non-volatile memory devices.

Dr.-Ing. Stefan Slesazeck 

Senior Scientist

NaMLab gGmbH | a tu dresden company | Nöthnitzer Str. 64 a | 01187 Dresden

phone: +49 351 2124990 44 | fax: +49 351 2124990 99 | cell: +49 174 2108725 

Stefan.Slesazeck@namlab.com  | www.namlab.com

Stefano Fusi was born in Florence, Italy, and graduated in 1992 from the Sapienza University of Rome with a degree in physics. After his degree, he obtained a researcher position at the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics in Rome and started to work in the field of theoretical neuroscience. In 1999, he received a Ph.D. in physics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and moved to the University of Bern, Switzerland, as a postdoctoral fellow. After visiting Brandeis University as a postdoctoral fellow in 2003, in 2005 he was awarded a professorial fellowship by the Swiss National Science Foundation and became assistant professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland. In 2009, he joined the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University as an associate professor. He is an associate editor of Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. Professor Fusi’s research involves the computational modeling and theoretical analysis of complex neural circuits with the goal of understanding the role of biological complexity and diversity in the nervous system. His laboratory collaborates with experimental neuroscientists at Columbia University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University.

Laura Kriener received her M.Sc. degree in physics from the Heidelberg University in Germany. Her Master's thesis in the Electronic Visions Group at the Kirchhoff Institute was focused on the application of circuit simulations during the development process of neuromorphic hardware. Currently, she is working on her PhD in the neuro-inspired theory, modeling and applications group at the University of Bern. Her research is centered around learning algorithms inspired by both neuroscience and machine learning, as well as their deployment on neuromorphic platforms.

Prof. Ryad B. Benosman is a full Professor at both the University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University and Sorbonne Universitas where he does research at the intersection of AI, computer vision and neuroscience. Specifically, he investigates the use of standard and neuromorphic cameras to enable new bioinspired AI, autonomous, agile robotics, brain-machine interfaces focusing on retina prosthetics, optogenetics stimulation and recently visual cortex stimulation. Ryad did his PhD in robotics and computer vision at University of Pierre and Marie Curie after studying mathematics. He is a pioneer in the field of event based neuromorphic computation. His lab developed the ATIS neuromorphic camera. He has authored more than 200 papers, which provide the foundations of neuromorphic computer vision. He also founded several companies such as Prophesse (formerly Chronocam), Pixium Vision (retina prosthetics), Chronolife (eHealth) and more recently Brainiac (neural processor computer).

Bertram E. Shi is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, which he joined in 1994. He received the B.S./M.S. Degrees in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University in 1987/1988, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley in 1994. He was a visiting faculty at the Department of Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 2002 and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2009. His research interests lie in the areas of neuromorphic engineering, robotics, human machine interfaces, and computational neuroscience. He was named IEEE Fellow in "for contributions to the analysis, implementation and application of cellular neural networks" in 2001. He was a Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society for 2001-2002 and 2007-2008. His research group won the 2017 Facial Expression Recognition and Analysis (FERA) AU Intensity Estimation Challenge, and have received top paper prizes at international conferences. He is or has been an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I and II, the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems and Frontiers in Neuromorphic Engineering. He is a past-Chair of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Technical Committee on Cellular Neural Networks and Array Computing and Technical/General Program Chair of the 2004/2005 IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications.

Dylan Muir is a specialist in architectures for neuromorphic computation. He has published extensively in computational and experimental neuroscience. At SynSense he is responsible for directing development of neural architectures for signal processing, as well as business development. Dr. Muir holds a Doctor of Science (PhD) from ETH Zürich, and undergraduate degrees (Masters) in Electronic Engineering and in Computer Science from QUT, Australia.

Pierre Bessière (born in 1958) received the engineering degree (1981) and the PhD degree (1983) in computer science from the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG). He did a Post-Doctorate at SRI International (Stanford Research Institute) working on a project for NASA. He then worked for five years in an industrial company as the leader of different artificial intelligence projects. He came back to research in 1989. He has been a senior researcher at CNRS since 1992. His main research concerns have been evolutionary algorithms and probabilistic reasoning. He leads the Bayesian Programming research group on these two subjects. He is a co-founder and scientific adviser of the ProbaYes Company, created in 2003, which develops and sells Bayesian solutions for the industry. ProbaYes joined the La Poste group in 2016. He is a co-founder and scientific adviser of HawAI.tech created in 2019.

Tobi Delbruck received a Ph.D. degree from Caltech in 1993 in the inaugural class of the Computation and Neural Systems program founded by John Hopfield, as a student of Christof Koch, David van Essen and Carver Mead. Currently he is a Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at ETH Zurich in the Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where he has been since 1998. He co-organized the Telluride Neuromorphic Cognition Engineering workshop and the live demonstration sessions at ISCAS and NIPS. Delbruck is past Chair of the IEEE CAS Sensory Systems Technical Committee. He worked on electronic imaging at Arithmos, Synaptics, National Semiconductor, and Foveon and has founded 3 spin-off companies, including www.inilabs.com , which supports basic R&D on neuromorphic sensory processing. He has been awarded 9 IEEE awards and was named a Fellow of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society for his work on neuromorphic sensors and processing. Besides playing with neuromorphic sensors, he likes to read, play tennis and basketball, and practice card magic on unwary subjects.

Angel Jiménez-Fernández received the B.S. degree in computer engineering, the M.S. degree in industrial computer science, and the Ph.D. degree in neuromorphic engineering from the University of Seville, Seville, Spain, in 2005, 2007, and 2010, respectively. He has been an Assistant Professor of Computer Architecture and Technology with the University of Seville since 2007, where he was promoted to Associate Professor in 2011. He founded a spin-off company, COBER, focused on biomedical robotics and neuromorphic hardware development, and is currently coordinator of the degree in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Seville. His current research interests include neuromorphic engineering applied to robotics, real-time spikes signal processing, neuromorphic sensors, field programmable gate array digital design, and embedded systems development.

Sabina Spiga is Senior Researcher at CNR (National Research Council) - IMM (Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems) – Unit of Agrate Brianza, Italy. She received the Degree in Physics from the Università di Bologna in 1995 and the PhD in Material Science in 2002 from Università di Milano. She is currently in charge of developing oxide-based resistive switching non-volatile memories and memristive devices for brain-inspired computation systems. Her research activity has been/is carried out in the framework of European, industrial and Italian R&D projects. She is currently principal investigator for CNR PI of the Horizon-2020 projects NEUROTECH -“Neuromorphic Computing Technologies” and MeM-Scales “Memory technologies with multi-scale time constants for neuromorphic architectures”. In the past she has been PI of the EU project- NeuRAM3- “NEUral computing aRchitectures in Advanced Monolithic 3D-VLSI nano-technologies”, and and member of the Management Committee for Italy of the COST Action ICT 1401-“Memristors-Devices, Models, Circuits, Systems and Applications”. S. Spiga is co-author of more than 120 publications on peer reviewed journals and proceedings. She co-organized several symposia and/or she has been member of the scientific committee of international Conferences. She is currently member of the IEDM Memory Technology subcommittee (2019-2020), IRPS 2020 and 2021 (Neuromorphic committee) and of editorial board of the J. Phys D: Applied Physics.

Julie Grollier is a research director in the CNRS/Thales lab in France. Her Ph.D. was dedicated to the study of a new effect in spintronics: the spin transfer torque. After two years of post-doc, first in Groningen University (Netherlands, group of B.J. van Wees), then in Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale (France, group of C. Chappert), she joined CNRS in 2005. Her current research interests include spintronics (dynamics of nanomagnets under the spin torque effect), and new devices for cognitive computation (in particular memristors). Julie has over 100 publications, and is a frequent invited speaker in international conferences. She is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2010 she was awarded the Jacques Herbrand prize of the French Academy of Science, and in 2018 the Silver Medal of CNRS for her pioneering work on spintronics and brain-inspired computing. She is the recipient of two prestigious European Research Council grants: "NanoBrain" project (Memristive Artificial Synapses and their integration in Neural Networks, 2010-2015) and "BioSPINSpired" project (Bio-inspired Spin-Torque Computing Architectures, 2016-2021). Julie is now leading the “nanodevices for bio-inspired computing” team that she initiated in 2009. She is also chair of the interdisciplinary research network GDR BioComp, coordinating national efforts for producing hardware bio-inspired systems.

Johannes Schemmel received the Ph.D. degree in physics from Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany, in 1999. He is currently an “Akademischer Oberrat” with the Kirchhoff Institute of Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, where he is the Head of the ASIC Laboratory and the Electronic Vision(s) group. He is an Architect of the Spikey and BrainScaleS accelerated Neuromorphic hardware systems. His research interests include mixed-mode VLSI systems for information processing, especially the analog implementation of biologically realistic neural network models.

Dr. Jennifer Hasler received her B.S.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Arizona State University in August 1991. She received her Ph.D. in computation and neural systems from California Institute of Technology in February 1997, and she received her Master of Divinity degree from the Candler School of Theology at Emory University in 2020. Dr. Hasler is a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Atlanta is the coldest climate in which Dr. Hasler has lived.Dr. Hasler founded the Integrated Computational Electronics (ICE) laboratory at Georgia Tech, a laboratory affiliated with the Laboratories for Neural Engineering. Dr. Hasler is a member of Tau Beta P, Eta Kappa Nu, and the IEEE.

Giacomo Indiveri received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree in computer science and electrical engineering from the University of Genova, Genova, Italy, in 1992 and 2004, respectively.

Currently, he is a dual Professor at the Faculty of Science of the University of Zurich and at the Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering of ETH Zurich, Switzerland. He is the director of the Institute of Neuroinformatics (INI) of the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich. He was a post-doctoral research fellow in the Division of Biology at Caltech and at the Institute of Neuroinformatics of the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich. He was awarded an ERC Starting Grant on "Neuromorphic processors" in 2011 and an ERC Consolidator Grant on neuromorphic cognitive agents in 2016.

His research interests lie in the study of real and electronic neural processing systems, with a particular focus on spike-based learning and spike-based recurrent neural network dynamics. His research and development activities focus on the full custom hardware implementation of real-time sensory-motor systems using analog/digital neuromorphic circuits and emerging memory technologies.

Steve Furber received a B.A. in mathematics in 1974 and a Ph.D. in aerodynamics in 1980, both from the University of Cambridge. He is ICL Professor of Computer Engineering in the School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester. From 1980 to 1990, he worked in the hardware development group at Acorn Computers Ltd and was a principal designer of the BBC Microcomputer (1982) and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor.

Designed with colleague Sophie Wilson as part of a national TV program on personal computing, well over a million BBC Micros were sold and used in more than 80 percent of all U.K. schools. Furber and Wilson then co-designed the 32-bit Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processor (1985) to address a need at Acorn for a new microprocessor that outperformed any then commercially available. The ARM processor core is now used in thousands of different products, from mobile phones and tablets to digital televisions and video games. It has enabled the mobile revolution in computing with its efficient power-sipping microprocessors. The number of ARM processor cores now shipped exceeds 180 billion, or more than four ARM microprocessors for every person on earth.

Furber's current research interests include the SpiNNaker project, which seeks to emulate a small portion of the human brain using one million ARM processor cores.